4,697 research outputs found

    Kinetically Trapped Liquid-State Conformers of a Sodiated Model Peptide Observed in the Gas Phase

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    We investigate the peptide AcPheAla5LysH+, a model system for studying helix formation in the gas phase, in order to fully understand the forces that stabilize the helical structure. In particular, we address the question of whether the local fixation of the positive charge at the peptide's C-terminus is a prerequisite for forming helices by replacing the protonated C-terminal Lys residue by Ala and a sodium cation. The combination of gas-phase vibrational spectroscopy of cryogenically cooled ions with molecular simulations based on density-functional theory (DFT) allows for detailed structure elucidation. For sodiated AcPheAla6, we find globular rather than helical structures, as the mobile positive charge strongly interacts with the peptide backbone and disrupts secondary structure formation. Interestingly, the global minimum structure from simulation is not present in the experiment. We interpret that this is due to high barriers involved in re-arranging the peptide-cation interaction that ultimately result in kinetically trapped structures being observed in the experiment.Comment: 28 pages, 10 figure

    A model for the joint evaluation of burstiness and regularity in oscillatory spike trains

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    Poster presentation: Introduction The ability of neurons to emit different firing patterns is considered relevant for neuronal information processing. In dopaminergic neurons, prominent patterns include highly regular pacemakers with separate spikes and stereotyped intervals, processes with repetitive bursts and partial regularity, and irregular spike trains with nonstationary properties. In order to model and quantify these processes and the variability of their patterns with respect to pharmacological and cellular properties, we aim to describe the two dimensions of burstiness and regularity in a single model framework. Methods We present a stochastic spike train model in which the degree of burstiness and the regularity of the oscillation are described independently and with two simple parameters. In this model, a background oscillation with independent and normally distributed intervals gives rise to Poissonian spike packets with a Gaussian firing intensity. The variability of inter-burst intervals and the average number of spikes in each burst indicate regularity and burstiness, respectively. These parameters can be estimated by fitting the model to the autocorrelograms. This allows to assign every spike train a position in the two-dimensional space described by regularity and burstiness and thus, to investigate the dependence of the firing patterns on different experimental conditions. Finally, burst detection in single spike trains is possible within the model because the parameter estimates determine the appropriate bandwidth that should be used for burst identification. Results and Discussion We applied the model to a sample data set obtained from dopaminergic substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area neurons recorded extracellularly in vivo and studied differences between the firing activity of dopaminergic neurons in wildtype and K-ATP channel knock-out mice. The model is able to represent a variety of discharge patterns and to describe changes induced pharmacologically. It provides a simple and objective classification scheme for the observed spike trains into pacemaker, irregular and bursty processes. In addition to the simple classification, changes in the parameters can be studied quantitatively, also including the properties related to bursting behavior. Interestingly, the proposed algorithm for burst detection may be applicable also to spike trains with nonstationary firing rates if the remaining parameters are unaffected. Thus, the proposed model and its burst detection algorithm can be useful for the description and investigation of neuronal firing patterns and their variability with cellular and experimental conditions

    Molecular mechanisms in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma

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    Obwohl in den letzten Jahren bereits einige beteiligte Faktoren und Mechanismen der Pathogenese des klassischen Hodgkin-Lymphoms (cHL) aufgeklĂ€rt wurden, ist sie bis heute grĂ¶ĂŸenteils noch unbekannt. Um ein besseres VerstĂ€ndnis der Biologie des cHLs zu erlangen, wurden in dieser Dissertation drei Studien zu weiteren molekularen Mechanismen, die an der Pathogenese des cHLs beteiligt sind, durchgefĂŒhrt. Im ersten Teil wurde die Rolle von MYC in der Pathogenese des cHL analysiert. MYC ist ein wichtiger Transkriptionsfaktor der Zelle und an der Regulation verschiedener zellulĂ€rer Prozesse beteiligt. Als starkes Onkogen ist es an der Pathogenese verschiedenster humaner Tumorerkrankungen beteiligt. Auch in den Hodgkin- und Reed-Sternberg (HRS)-Zellen einiger FĂ€lle des cHLs konnte eine erhöhte MYC AusprĂ€gung auf mRNA- und Proteinebene nachgewiesen werden. Um die pathogenetische Bedeutung dieser aberrant erhöhten MYC-Expression in den HRS-Zellen des cHLs zu untersuchen, wurde MYC in den cHL Zelllinien L 428 und U HO1 mittels eines lentiviralen Systems zur shRNA-Expression erfolgreich herabreguliert und die Konsequenzen auf den PhĂ€notyp der transduzierten Zellen bestimmt. In beiden Zelllinien fĂŒhrte die MYC-Herabregulation zu einem schlechteren kompetitiven Wachstum der Zellen gegenĂŒber nicht infizierten Zellen. WeiterfĂŒhrende Analysen zeigten, dass MYC in der Linie L 428 sowohl die Proliferation der Zellen als auch das Überleben positiv reguliert, wohingegen in der Linie U-HO1 der proliferationsfördernde Effekt von MYC dominiert und das ZellĂŒberleben durch MYC-Herabregulation verbessert wurde. ZusĂ€tzlich scheint MYC an der Regulation der Expression einzelner Gene, die typischerweise in den HRS-Zellen primĂ€rer cHL-FĂ€lle ausgeprĂ€gt werden, beteiligt zu sein. So konnte eine positive Regulation von CEBPB durch MYC in der Linie L 428 gezeigt werden, wohingegen MYC in der Zelllinie U-HO1 die AusprĂ€gung von IRF5 und PAX5 vermutlich negativ reguliert. In einem weiteren Projekt wurde die Rolle von CEBPB in der Pathogenese des cHLs untersucht. CEBPB ist ein pleiotropher Transkriptionsfaktor, der verschiedene zellulĂ€re Prozesse reguliert. FĂŒr CEBPB wurde eine wichtige Beteiligung an der Proliferation und dem Überleben der Tumorzellen des Multiplen Meyloms und des anaplastisch großzelligem Lymphoms gezeigt. Auch in HRS-Zellen primĂ€rer cHL-FĂ€lle konnte eine aberrant erhöhte CEBPB-AusprĂ€gung im Vergleich zu normalen B-Zellpopulationen mittels Genexpressionsprofilen nachgewiesen werden. Daher wurde CEBPB mittels eines lentiviralen Systems zur shRNA-Expression in cHL-Zelllinien erfolgreich herabreguliert, um die Konsequenzen dieser CEBPB-Herabregulation auf den PhĂ€notyp der Zellen zu studieren und dadurch mehr ĂŒber die Bedeutung der erhöhten CEBPB-Expression in der Pathogenese des cHLs zu erfahren. Die Herbaregulation von CEBPB hatte in den cHL-Zelllinien keinen Einfluss auf die Proliferation oder das Überleben der Zellen. Allerdings konnte in verschiedenen cHL-Zelllinien die Regulation von CEBPB-Zielgenen, wie IL6 und BCL2A1, in Folge der CEBPB-Herabregulation nachgewiesen werden. Obwohl HRS-Zellen von B-Zellen abstammen, weisen sie typischerweise einen weitreichenden Verlust ihres B-Zell-PhĂ€notyps auf. Da eine verstĂ€rkte AusprĂ€gung von CEBPB zur Transdifferenzierung oder Umprogrammierung von B Zellen in Makrophagen fĂŒhren kann, wurde die Rolle von CEBPB in der Umprogrammierung der HRS-Zellen genauer untersucht. Allerdings zeigte sich nach CEBPB-Herabregulation in den verschiedenen cHL-Zelllinien ein heterogenes Bild in der Regulation von B Zellgenen. Dennoch scheint die erhöhte CEBPB-Expression in den HRS-Zellen in einem Teil der primĂ€ren HRS-FĂ€lle zu dem Verlust des B-Zell-PhĂ€notyps beitragen zu können. Im dritten Teil dieser Arbeit wurde mit der umfassenden Charakterisierung der genetischen LĂ€sionen der HRS-FĂ€lle primĂ€rer cHL-FĂ€lle begonnen. Aufgrund der Seltenheit der HRS Zellen im Lymphomgewebe wurde zunĂ€chst eine Methode zur Exom-Sequenzierung ausgehend von mikrodissektierten Zellen etabliert. Anschließend konnten 11 primĂ€re cHL FĂ€lle erfolgreich sequenziert werden. Insgesamt zeigte sich eine hohe Anzahl von durchschnittlich 1222 somatischen Mutationen in den HRS-Zellen, was eine hohe genetische InstabilitĂ€t in den HRS-Zellen andeutet. Indem 16 von 21 ausgewĂ€hlten Mutationen in den HRS-Zellen dreier cHL-FĂ€lle erfolgreich mittels direkter PCR mit mikrodissektierten Zellen und Sanger-Sequenzierung validiert wurden, konnte die ZuverlĂ€ssigkeit der Auswertung bestĂ€tigt werden. ZusĂ€tzlich wurden in ersten Analysen viele rekurrent in den HRS-Zellen somatisch mutierte Gene identifiziert, deren Bedeutung in der Pathogenese des cHLs in zukĂŒnftigen Studien untersucht werden sollte.In recent years many factors and mechanisms involved in the pathogenesis of classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) have been identified. However, the pathogenesis of cHL is still largely unknown. To get more insights into the biology of cHL three studies about additional molecular mechanisms contributing to the pathogenesis of cHL were conducted in this thesis. In the first part of this work the role of MYC in the pathogenesis of cHL was studied. MYC is an important transcription factor and regulates various cellular processes. As a potent oncogene MYC is involved in the pathogenesis of various human tumors. Also in the Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg (HRS) cells of some cases of cHL an increased MYC expression was detected on mRNA and protein level. To study the pathogenetic relevance of this aberrant increased MYC expression in HRS cells of cHL, MYC was successfully downregulated in the cHL cell lines L 428 and U-HO1 using a lentiviral system for shRNA expression. Subsequently, the consequences of this down regulation on the phenotype of the cells were studied. In both cell lines, the MYC-downregulation led to an inferior competitive growth of the cells compared to non infected cells. Additional studies showed that MYC had a positive effect on the proliferation and cell survival of the L-428 cells. In the cell line U-HO1 the proliferation promoting effect of MYC was stronger, whereas MYC-downregulation led to an improved cell survival. In addition MYC seems to be involved in the regulation of the expression of various genes that are typically expressed in the HRS cells of primary cHL cases. For example a positive regulation of CEBPB by MYC was shown in the cell line L-428, whereas the expression of IRF5 and PAX5 was seemingly negatively regulated by MYC in the cell line U HO1. In another project the role of CEBPB in the pathogenesis of cHL was investigated. CEBPB is a pleiotropic transcription factor that is involved in the regulation of various cellular processes. It has been shown that CEBPB is important for the proliferation and survival of the tumor cells of multiple myeloma and anaplastic large cell lymphoma. Gene expression profiles of HRS cells of primary cHL cases and normal B cell populations showed an increased expression of CEBPB in the HRS cells. Therefore, CEBPB was successfully downregulated in cHL cell lines via a lentiviral system for shRNA expression to study the consequences of this CEBPB downregulation on the phenotype of the cells and thus learn more about the role of the increased CEBPB expression in the pathogenesis of cHL. The CEBPB downregulation had no effect on the proliferation or cell survival of the cHL cell lines. However, in different cHL cell lines the CEBPB downregulation effected the expression of various CEBPB target genes like IL6 and BCL2A1. Although HRS cells derived from B cells, they typically have lost their B cell phenotype. As it has been shown that overexpression of CEBPB in B cells can lead to their transdifferentiation or reprogramming into macrophages the role of CEBPB in the reprogramming of HRS cells was studied in more detail. However, a very heterogeneous result regarding the regulation of B cell genes after CEBPB downregulation was obtained in the different cHL cell lines. Still, it seems that the increased expression of CEBPB in the HRS cells of some primary cHL cases can contribute to the lost B cell phenotype. In the third part of this thesis the determination of the landscape of the genetic lesions in HRS cells of primary cHL cases was started. Due to the rarity of the HRS cells in the lymphoma tissue it was first necessary to establish a method to perform whole exome sequencing with microdissected cells. Then, 11 primary cHL cases were successfully sequenced. Overall, a high number of average 1222 somatic mutations in the HRS cells were found, which might suggest a high genetic instability in the HRS cells. The successful validation of 16 of 21 selected mutations in HRS cells of three cHL cases by direct PCR with microdissected cells and Sanger sequencing showed the reliability of the analysis. In addition, a preliminary analysis identified many recurrent somatically mutated genes in the HRS cells. The relevance of these genes in the pathogenesis of cHL should be elucidated in future studies
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